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Adjective agreement

Match gender and number — position, meaning changes, and apocope

In this guide6 sections
  1. Adjectives describe nouns
  2. Full agreement table
  3. Before or after the noun?
  4. Apocope — buen, gran, primer
  5. Practice 1 — 6 questions
  6. Practice 2 — 6 questions

Adjectives describe nouns

Adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. In Spanish they usually come after the noun (un coche rojo), unlike English (a red car).

When an adjective describes several nouns of different genders, use the masculine plural : Pedro y María son altos .

  • Una casa blanca.A white house.
  • Unos zapatos negros.Some black shoes.
  • María es inteligente.María is intelligent.
  • Los exámenes son difíciles.The exams are difficult.
  • Sois muy amables.You all are very kind. (Spain)
  • La comida está caliente.The food is hot.

Full agreement table

TypeMasc. sing.Fem. sing.Masc. pl.Fem. pl.
-o / -aaltoaltaaltosaltas
-e (same both genders)grandegrandegrandesgrandes
-ista (often same)optimistaoptimistaoptimistasoptimistas
consonant endingfelizfelizfelicesfelices
-ortrabajadortrabajadoratrabajadorestrabajadoras
irregularbuenobuenabuenosbuenas
  • un chico alto · una chica altaa tall boy / girl
  • chicos altos · chicas altastall boys / girls
  • una ciudad grande · ciudades grandesa big city / big cities
  • niños felices · niñas feliceshappy children (boys / girls)
  • Es una persona trabajadora.She/He is a hardworking person.
  • Son días largos y noches cortas.They are long days and short nights.

Before or after the noun?

After the noun (default): descriptive, objective — colour, size, nationality, material.
Before the noun : subjective judgment, emphasis, or short common adjectives (buen, mal, gran, primer, mucho).

Some adjectives change meaning depending on position — one of the most important patterns in Spanish.

AdjectiveBefore nounAfter noun
grandeun gran hombre (a great man)un hombre grande (a big man)
viejoun viejo amigo (a long-time friend)un amigo viejo (an elderly friend)
nuevoun nuevo coche (brand-new car)un coche nuevo (new to you / recently acquired)
pobre¡Pobre Juan! (Poor Juan! — pity)Juan es pobre (Juan is poor)
solola única persona sola (the only person alone)una persona sola (a person alone / on their own)
  • Es un gran escritor. / Es un escritor grande.He is a great writer. / He is a big/tall writer.
  • Mi viejo profesor me escribió. / Mi profesor viejo se jubiló.My old (long-known) teacher wrote to me. / My elderly teacher retired.
  • Compré un nuevo móvil. / Este móvil es nuevo para mí.I bought a brand-new phone. / This phone is new to me.
  • ¡Pobre chica! / La chica es pobre.Poor girl! (sympathy) / The girl is poor.
  • Es la única opción posible. / Quiero estar solo.It is the only possible option. / I want to be alone.
  • una casa blanca · un buen díaa white house · a good day (short form)

Apocope — buen, gran, primer

Before a masculine singular noun, certain adjectives drop their final -o (or use a shorter form). Feminine and plural keep the full form.

bueno → buen · malo → mal · primero → primer · tercero → tercer · grande → gran (meaning "great", not size)

Santo drops to san before names: San José, San Francisco (but Santo Domingo).

Full formBefore masc. sing.Fem. sing. (unchanged)Example
buenobuenbuenabuen día / buena idea
malomalmalamal momento / mala suerte
primeroprimerprimeraprimer piso / primera vez
tercerotercerterceratercer intento / tercera persona
grande (great)grangrangran ciudad / gran mujer
  • ¡Buen viaje! / ¡Buena suerte!Have a good trip! / Good luck!
  • Es un mal ejemplo para los niños.It is a bad example for the children.
  • Vivimos en el primer piso.We live on the first floor.
  • Es mi tercer café de la mañana.It is my third coffee of the morning.
  • Madrid es una gran ciudad.Madrid is a great city.
  • Es la primera vez que venís a España.It is the first time you all come to Spain. (Spain)

Practice 1 — 6 questions

happy girls →

a great woman →

a good day →

tall boys →

a brand-new car (before noun) →

the first time →

Practice 2 — 6 questions

a big man (physical size, after noun) →

hardworking women →

Poor María! (pity) →

the third floor →

difficult exams →

a long-time friend (before noun) →