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A217 min read

Imperfecto

Habit, description, background — what used to be or was ongoing

In this guide7 sections
  1. What the imperfecto is for
  2. Habit and repeated actions
  3. Description, age, weather, time, feelings
  4. Regular endings — all six persons
  5. Irregular verbs — ser, ir, ver (full tables)
  6. Practice 1 — 8 questions
  7. Practice 2 — 7 questions

What the imperfecto is for

The imperfecto describes ongoing , habitual , or descriptive past — the background of a scene. It does not mark a clear end point. English often uses “ used to ”, “ was/were …-ing ”, or simple past for description: De niño jugaba al fútbol .

Habit and repeated actions

Signal words: siempre , a menudo , todos los días / los lunes , cada verano , antes , en aquella época , cuando era niño/a , mientras (ongoing background).

  • De niño jugaba al fútbol cada tarde.As a child I used to play football every afternoon.
  • Siempre íbamos a la playa en verano.We always used to go to the beach in summer.
  • Antes fumaba, pero lo dejé hace años.I used to smoke, but I quit years ago.
  • Mis abuelos vivían en un pueblo de Castilla.My grandparents used to live in a village in Castilla.
  • ¿Qué hacíais los fines de semana?What did you all use to do at weekends? (Spain)
  • A menudo cenábamos tarde.We often used to have dinner late.

Description, age, weather, time, feelings

Use imperfecto to set the scene : physical descriptions, emotions, weather, clock time, and age at that period in the past.

CategoryPatternExample
AgeTenía + numberTenía diez años cuando aprendí a nadar.
TimeEra / Eran + timeEran las ocho cuando salimos.
WeatherHacía + conditionHacía frío y llovía un poco.
Descriptionser / estar + adjLa casa era grande y estaba vacía.
Feelingsstate verbEstaba nervioso antes del examen.
Ongoing actionprogressive feelMientras comíamos, sonó el teléfono.
  • Hacía sol y estábamos en la terraza.It was sunny and we were on the terrace.
  • Tenía veinte años y estudiaba en Madrid.I was twenty and I was studying in Madrid.
  • Eran las diez y la calle estaba tranquila.It was ten o’clock and the street was quiet.
  • Mi hermana era rubia y llevaba gafas.My sister was blonde and wore glasses.
  • No quería irme; me lo estaba pasando bien.I did not want to leave; I was having a good time.
  • ¿Qué tiempo hacía ayer por la tarde?What was the weather like yesterday afternoon?

Regular endings — all six persons

Only two ending sets: -ar verbs take -aba- ; -er / -ir verbs take -ía- . Stress always falls on the syllable before the ending .

Person-ar (hablar)-er (comer)-ir (vivir)
yohablabacomíavivía
túhablabascomíasvivías
él / ella / ustedhablabacomíavivía
nosotros / ashablábamoscomíamosvivíamos
vosotros / ashablabaiscomíaisvivíais
ellos / ellas / ustedeshablabancomíanvivían

Irregular verbs — ser, ir, ver (full tables)

Personser (era)ir (iba)ver (veía)
yoeraibaveía
túerasibasveías
él / ella / ustederaibaveía
nosotros / aséramosíbamosveíamos
vosotros / aseraisibaisveíais
ellos / ellas / ustedeseranibanveían
  • Iba al gimnasio tres veces por semana.I used to go / was going to the gym three times a week.
  • Era un barrio muy tranquilo.It was a very quiet neighbourhood.
  • Veíamos la tele después de cenar.We used to watch TV after dinner.
  • ¿Ibais en bici al colegio?Did you all go by bike to school? (Spain)
  • No veía bien sin gafas.I could not see well without glasses.
  • Éramos vecinos antes de mudarnos.We were neighbours before moving.

Practice 1 — 8 questions

As a child I used to play football →

It was sunny (weather) →

I was twenty (at that time) →

We always used to go to the beach →

What were you all doing? (Spain) →

The house was big →

It was eight o’clock →

I used to watch TV after dinner →

Practice 2 — 7 questions

We used to live in Valencia →

She was nervous →

You all used to go by bike (Spain) →

They were eating when I arrived →

It was cold yesterday (background) →

We were neighbours →

I could not see without glasses (general past) →